The Fate of Rome

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Kyle Harper is a scholar of Roman history who currently serves as Professor of Classics and Letters at the University of Oklahoma, where he is also Senior Vice President and Provost. He has written two other award-winning books: Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425,and From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality.

Throughout history, the Roman Empire experienced cycles of prosperity and decline, shaped by a combination of environmental, economic, and health crises. Favorable conditions during the Roman Climate Optimum allowed the empire to thrive, but its interconnected cities and trade routes also facilitated the spread of diseases like the Antonine Plague, which weakened its infrastructure and population. As climate conditions worsened during the Late Antique Little Ice Age, events such as volcanic eruptions and the bubonic plague further destabilized the empire, leading to widespread famine, economic collapse, and military vulnerability. These challenges, compounded by invasions and internal turmoil, marked the gradual decline of both the western and eastern Roman Empires, with the latter succumbing to external pressures by the mid-seventh century. Despite moments of recovery, the empire's resilience was ultimately eroded by the relentless convergence of these crises.

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