The Square and the Tower

Résumé du livre

Niall Ferguson is one of the leading and most controversial historians of his generation. He is the author of many bestsellers on financial and political history, including The Ascent of Money, Empire and War of the World.

In the 19th century, Britain rose to global dominance through its vast empire, indirect rule, and technological advancements, fostering infrastructure that connected regions and facilitated mass migrations, which in turn fueled populism, nationalism, and racism. The pentarchy maintained European peace until World War I disrupted traditional power structures, with socialism and figures like Lenin reshaping governance through networks. Stalin's Soviet Union imposed fear-driven hierarchies, while the Nazi network rose uniquely through elections, spreading fear and disconnection until its collapse in World War II. The Cold War saw hierarchical alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact dominate, but networks reemerged in movements like Poland's Solidarity, leading to the Soviet Union's fall. The printing press revolutionized information flow, enabling the Reformation and scientific revolutions, while networks like the Freemasons and Enlightenment salons drove revolutions in America and France, albeit with differing outcomes due to cultural structures. By the 1970s, hierarchies weakened as interdependence grew, and the internet emerged as a decentralized network reshaping global interactions. Recent unrest, amplified by social media, highlights the disruptive power of networks, as seen in Brexit and Trump’s campaigns, while the internet's rapid growth has created an oligopoly prone to manipulation. Balancing networks and hierarchies remains crucial to addressing modern challenges and avoiding instability.

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