Islam

Résumé du livre

Karen Armstrong is a commentator and writer whose interests encompass all aspects of religion. She spent seven years as a nun in the Roman Catholic faith, obtained a B. Litt. at Oxford University and also taught literature at the University of London. She regularly writes reviews and articles for journals and newspapers. Her other books include The Battle for God, Islam: A Short History and Buddha.

Muhammad, born in 570 CE in Mecca, received his first divine revelation in 610, marking the beginning of Islam. Troubled by Mecca’s growing materialism and social inequality, he preached a message of justice, humility, and compassion, which initially faced resistance from the Quraysh elite. Early Muslims adopted practices like zakat, fasting, and prayer to emphasize equality and empathy. By the tenth century, the Islamic world fragmented politically but flourished culturally, with dynasties like the Fatimids and Samanids fostering knowledge hubs and scholars like Avicenna advancing science and philosophy. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates struggled to balance governance with Islamic ideals, leading to the rise of the ulama and Shariah as moral counterweights. Islam’s expansion, often pragmatic rather than proselytizing, incorporated non-Muslims as protected persons, fostering coexistence. The hijrah to Yathrib (Medina) in 622 established the first Islamic community, uniting diverse groups under shared principles. Islam’s inherently political nature intertwined spirituality with societal justice, contrasting with other religions’ focus on personal salvation. Fundamentalism, a response to perceived threats from modernity, emerged across faiths, with figures like Sayyid Qutb radicalizing Islamic thought. European colonization disrupted Muslim societies, sparking debates on modernization, with critics advocating for an Islamic path to progress. While Islamic civilizations once led in art and science, Europe’s social and technological revolutions propelled it to global dominance, reshaping the world through colonialism, which deeply impacted Muslim-majority regions.

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