Humankind

Résumé du livre

Rutger Bregman, born in the Netherlands in 1988, proves that a historian can also be a best-selling author. In his 2017 book Utopias for Realists, Bregman made the case for a universal basic income, open borders, and a 15-hour workweek. He’s also known for ruffling feathers at the World Economic Summit in Davos, in 2019, where he called out billionaires for tax avoidance.

The phrase "Stay Calm and Move Forward," now a pop culture staple, originated as a World War II slogan by the British Ministry of Information to inspire resilience. While often associated with British identity, the ability to remain composed under pressure is a universal human trait, as seen in moments like the September 11 attacks, where unity triumphed over chaos. This challenges long-standing philosophical debates about human nature, such as Hobbes's view of inherent selfishness versus Rousseau's belief in innate goodness corrupted by society. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests violence emerged with the advent of property and social hierarchies, contrasting with the cooperative spirit of early hunter-gatherer societies. Even in war, humans display a reluctance to harm others, as seen in soldiers' hesitations to kill and moments of shared humanity, like the Christmas truce of 1914. However, empathy, while fostering connection, has its limits, often excluding those outside our immediate circle. Media and fiction further skew perceptions of human nature, amplifying negativity and pessimism. Yet, real-life examples, such as the cooperative behavior of stranded children in contrast to the chaos of *Lord of the Flies*, suggest humanity's capacity for kindness and collaboration may be more intrinsic than we assume.

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